Umbral crítico de administración en pacientes con trauma severo y reanimación endovascular: ¿Un concepto útil? / Critical Administration Threshold in severe trauma patients and endovascular resuscitation: A useful concept?

Introducción. Se describe la utilidad del umbral crítico de administración (CAT por su denominación en inglés) como herramienta para la reanimación hemostática en pacientes con trauma severo y oclusión endovascular aórtica. Métodos. Revisión retrospectiva de pacientes adultos con hemorragia por trauma, con o sin oclusión endovascular aórtica (REBOA), atendidos entre enero de 2015 y junio de 2020, en un centro de trauma nivel I en Cali, Colombia. Se registraron variables demográficas, severidad del trauma, estado clínico, requerimiento transfusional, tiempo hasta CAT+ y CAT alcanzado (1, 2 ó 3). Resultados. Se incluyeron 93 pacientes, se utilizó REBOA en 36 y manejo tradicional en 57. El grupo REBOA presentó mayor volumen de sangrado (mediana de 3000 ml, RIC: 1950-3625 ml) frente al grupo control (mediana de1500 ml, RIC: 700-2975ml) (p<0,001) y mayor cantidad de glóbulos rojos transfundidos en las primeras 6 horas (mediana de 5, RIC:4-9); p=0,015 y en las primeras 24 horas (mediana de 6, RIC: 4-11); p=0,005. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en número de pacientes CAT+ entre grupos o tiempo hasta alcanzarlo. Sin embargo, el estado CAT+ durante los primeros 30 minutos de la cirugía fue mayor en grupo REBOA (24/36, 66,7 %) frente al grupo control (17/57, 29,8 %; p=0,001), teniendo este mayor tasa de mortalidad intrahospitalaria frente a los pacientes CAT-. Conclusión. El umbral crítico de administración es una herramienta útil en la reanimación hemostática de pacientes con trauma y REBOA, que podría predecir mortalidad precoz.

Introduction. The objective is to describe the utility of the Critical Administration Threshold (CAT) as a tool in hemostatic resuscitation in patients with severe trauma and REBOA. Methods. Retrospective review between January 2015 and June 2020 of adult patients with hemorrhage secondary to trauma with or without REBOA in a level I trauma center in Cali, Colombia. Demographic variables, trauma severity, clinical status, transfusion needs, time to CAT+ and number of CAT achieved (1, 2 or 3) were recorded. Results. Ninety-three patients were included, in which REBOA was used in 36 and traditional management in 57. The REBOA group had a higher bleeding volume (3000 ml), IQR: 1950-3625 ml vs the control group (1500 ml, IQR: 700-2975 ml) (p<0.001) and a higher rate of PRBC units transfused in the first 6 hours (median 5, IQR: 4-9); p=0.015 and in the first 24 hours (median 6, IQR: 4-11); p=0.005. There were no statistically significant differences in the number of CAT+ patients between groups or time to CAT+. However, CAT+ status during the first 30 minutes of surgery was higher in the REBOA Group (24/36, 66.7%) vs. the control group (17/57, 29.8%; p=0.001), having this group a higher in-hospital mortality rate vs. CAT- patients. Conclusion. CAT is a useful tool in the hemostatic resuscitation of patients with trauma and REBOA that could predict early mortality.

Predicting the Need for Blood Transfusions in Cardiac Surgery: A Comparison between Machine Learning Algorithms and Established Risk Scores in the Brazilian Population

ABSTRACT Introduction: Blood transfusion is a common practice in cardiac surgery, despite its well-known negative effects. To mitigate blood transfusion-associated risks, identifying patients who are at higher risk of needing this procedure is crucial. Widely used risk scores to predict the need for blood transfusions have yielded unsatisfactory results when validated for the Brazilian population. Methods: In this retrospective study, machine learning (ML) algorithms were compared to predict the need for blood transfusions in a cohort of 495 cardiac surgery patients treated at a Brazilian reference service between 2019 and 2021. The performance of the models was evaluated using various metrics, including the area under the curve (AUC), and compared to the commonly used Transfusion Risk and Clinical Knowledge (TRACK) and Transfusion Risk Understanding Scoring Tool (TRUST) scoring systems. Results: The study found that the model had the highest performance, achieving an AUC of 0.7350 (confidence interval [CI]: 0.7203 to 0.7497). Importantly, all ML algorithms performed significantly better than the commonly used TRACK and TRUST scoring systems. TRACK had an AUC of 0.6757 (CI: 0.6609 to 0.6906), while TRUST had an AUC of 0.6622 (CI: 0.6473 to 0.6906). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that ML algorithms may offer a more accurate prediction of the need for blood transfusions than the traditional scoring systems and could enhance the accuracy of predicting blood transfusion requirements in cardiac surgery patients. Further research could focus on optimizing and refining ML algorithms to improve their accuracy and make them more suitable for clinical use.

Targeting patient blood management's first pillar: A multicentric retrospective study on preoperative anemia

ABSTRACT Introduction: Anemia is a common issue in surgical patients and has been associated with worse clinical outcomes, such as a higher probability of transfusions and longer hospital stay. Therefore, Patient Blood Management programs are actively aiming to achieve early identification and treatment of anemia, previous to the surgery. Methods and materials: In this study, preoperative hemoglobin within the Blood Order Schedule (BOS) at 16 blood centers in several Brazilian regions were retrospectively evaluated. Data regarding hemoglobin, age, gender and Brazilian regions were further analyzed. Results: From the 20,201 BOSs evaluated, the mean age was 55.65 ± 23.52 years old, with an overall prevalence of preoperative anemia of 60.9%. Women had a lower mean preoperative hemoglobin (11.74 ± 2.84 for women and 12.27 ± 3.06 for men) and higher prevalence of anemia than men (66% of females and 52.2% of males). The individuals over 65 years old and under 18 were the most affected by preoperative anemia. All regions had a high prevalence of preoperative anemia, without any direct association with the Human Development Index. Conclusion: In summary, upon evaluating the BOS, our study showed a high prevalence of preoperative anemia in all Brazilian regions, regardless of the gender and age group, but that women and individuals less than 18 or over 65 years old have an even higher prevalence of preoperative anemia. This information can identify the institutions in which preoperative anemia is a critical issue and in which new strategies, such as preoperative screening clinics, might be helpful.

Analysis of requests for reservation of blood concentrates in patients referred to urgent surgeries in a teaching hospital

Introduction: The rates of request and use of blood concentrates are still poorly reported in the literature. This study aimed to analyze the rates of requests for blood concentrates and their use in patients undergoing emergency surgery in a teaching hospital. Methods: A retrospective, quantitative and descriptive study was conducted in 359 medical records of patients in urgent surgery scheduled with a request for a reserve of blood concentrate. The ratios between crossmatched and transfused units (C/T), transfusion index (TI), and probability (TP) were calculated, and the times between request and delivery at the transfusion agency (TA) and patient admission to the surgical center (SC). Results: The mean age was 58.5 ± 22.2 years, with the majority being male (53.1%). There was an average of 27.5 monthly requests (min 12, max 44). Ninety-seven units of blood concentrates were transfused into 44 patients (C/T ratio 7.59; TI 0.27; TP 12.3%). Only seven patients had their requests made after admission to the OR. The median time between the request and arrival at the TA was 1h15min, while that between the request and the patient's arrival at the SC was 5h23min. There was greater transfusion in major surgery (major 37, 14.8% vs. medium 7, 6.5%; p = 0.027) and non-orthopedic surgery (orthopedic 9, 4.0% vs. non-orthopedic 35, 26.9%; p < 0.001). Conclusion: there was a significant discrepancy between the number of requests for blood reservation and its real use and an increased time between reservation requests and their arrival at the TA.

Statistical Analysis of Monocyte Monolayer Assay Validation in Brazilian Blood Donors

Aims: To validate the monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) technique concerning its suitability for blood donor screening and its cost per test performed. The MMA is an in vitro simulation of the behavior of the antibodies, demonstrating the reactions that would occur in the endothelial reticulum system after a transfusion of incompatible red blood cells, indicating the risk of a hemolytic transfusion reaction and therefore of the clinical significance of the antibodies. Study Design: Blood samples of alloimmunized patients, selected at random from a blood donation bank, were submitted to validation tests recommended by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency for the approval of new testing procedures. Place and Duration of Study: The following Brazilian institutions were involved between June 2009 and July 2010: Immunohematology laboratory of the Hematology and Hemotherapy Center of Santa Catarina state in Florianópolis, Department of Medicine (Medical Unit IV) and Department of Radiology of the Institute of Medical Sciences, Hospital Lahore in São Paulo. Methodology: Ninety samples of alloimmunized patients treated by the Santa Catarina blood donors were used. The validation tests evaluated the selectivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy of the MMA method and determined the limits of detection and quantification. External validation of the method was performed by comparing these results with those of an independent laboratory in São Paulo, while making sure that the latter was blind to the results of the former. The coefficient of variation was used to express the MMA testing precision of 5 replicates across 5 different concentration levels. Type I error for evaluating statistical significance was set at 5%. Results: Selectivity assessment of the impact of multiple alloantibodies on the MMA test result showed no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) across the titers of 64, 256, and 2048, each with three replications, thus confirming the test specificity. Homoscedasticity of the monocyte index (MI) data was not refuted by Levine's test with the F-value of 0.746, much below the value of 3.056 needed to achieve a statistical significance level of P<0.05. MI linearity against the logarithm of the alloantibody concentration was shown in a simple linear regression where the latter predicted 83% of the variation in the former, and the regression slope of 0.4 (95% confidence interval 0.32, 0.48). The limits of detection and quantification on the logarithm scale were 0.28 and 0.84, respectively. External validation found no statistically significant difference between the MMA test results from the two independent laboratories. The coefficient of variation of <15% indicated good MMA testing precision under routine laboratory conditions. Conclusion: The assay met all validation criteria and was therefore effective in assessing the clinical significance of alloantibodies.

Fetal hemoglobin, blood transfusion, and retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants: An observational, prospective study

Purpose: The objective of this study was to identify the association between fetal hemoglobin (HbF) concentration, blood transfusion, and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in preterm infants. Methods: This was an observational, prospective study. A total of 410 preterm infants born with <36 weeks gestational age and <2.0 kg birth weight in a tertiary care center of central India for a period of 1 year were included in this study. Clinical data were obtained from case notes. HbF of infants was measured in the blood sample using high?performance liquid chromatography at the first visit and after 1 month follow?up and was analyzed statistically. Dilated fundus examination was done as per ROP screening guidelines, and ROP was classified as per the International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ICROP), 2021. The study subjects were divided into two groups based on the status of ROP. The relationship among HbF, blood transfusion, and ROP was evaluated in both the groups. The relationship between other clinical characteristics and various neonatal risk factors was also studied between the groups. Results: A total of 410 preterm infants were included in this study, of which 110 infants had ROP (26.8%). Blood transfusion was found to be significantly associated with the development of ROP. Higher fraction of HbF (%) was associated with a lower prevalence of ROP. HbF was also inversely related with the severity of ROP. Conclusion: Replacing HbF by adult hemoglobin during blood transfusion may promote the development of ROP. Conversely, maintaining a higher percentage of HbF may be a protective factor against ROP.

Desenlaces maternos según el tipo de placenta previa en un hospital de alta complejidad en Cali, Colombia. Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo / Maternal outcomes according to the type of placenta previa in a high complexity hospital in Cali, Colombia. Retrospective cohort study

Objetivos: Describir la frecuencia de complicaciones maternas en mujeres gestantes con placenta previa (PP) mayor o menor y evaluar una posible asociación entre tipo de PP y la presencia de hemorragia materna severa y otros resultados maternos asociados. Materiales y métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva, descriptiva. Se incluyeron gestantes con 20 semanas o más de embarazo, con diagnóstico confirmado de placenta previa, quienes fueron atendidas en un hospital de alto nivel de complejidad localizado en Cali (Colombia), entre enero de 2011 y diciembre de 2020. Se excluyeron las gestantes con diagnóstico de placenta previa y acretismo placentario concomitante. Las variables recolectadas fueron: edad materna, índice de masa corporal, tabaquismo, obesidad, paridad, presencia de sangrado, hemorragia posparto, manejo de la hemorragia posparto, transfusión y admisión a UCI de la gestante. Se realizó análisis descriptivo. El protocolo fue aprobado por el comité de ética de la Fundación Valle de Lili. Resultados: 146 pacientes cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. La población estuvo constituida por mujeres con una mediana de edad de 32 años, sin antecedente quirúrgico, con diagnóstico prenatal de placenta previa a la semana 22. En el 70,5 % de los casos se trató de pacientes con placenta previa mayor. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron hemorragia posparto (37,9 % vs. 16,3 % para pacientes con placenta previa mayor y menor, respectivamente), requerimiento de transfusión (23,3 y 9,3 %, respectivamente) y el ingreso materno a la UCI (40,8 % vs. 18,6 %, respectivamente). No se registraron muertes maternas. Conclusiones: Las mujeres con placenta previa experimentan una frecuencia elevada de complicaciones; probablemente, dicha frecuencia es más alta cuando se documenta placenta previa mayor. Se requieren más estudios que comparen la frecuencia de complicaciones maternas según el tipo de placenta previa.

Objectives: To describe the frequency of maternal complications in pregnant women with major or minor placenta previa (PP), and to assess a potential association between PP type and the presence of severe maternal bleeding and other associated outcomes. Material and methods: Retrospective descriptive cohort. The study included pregnant women with 20 weeks of gestation or more and a confirmed diagnosis of placenta previa who were seen in a high complexity hospital in Cali (Colombia), between January 2011 and December 2020. Women with a diagnosis of placenta previa and concomitant placenta accreta were excluded. The collected variables were maternal age, body mass index, smoking, obesity, parity, presence of bleeding, postpartum hemorrhage, management of postpartum hemorrhage, transfusion, and maternal ICU admission. A descriptive analysis was performed. The protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Fundaciónn Valle de Lili. Results: A total of 146 patients met the inclusion criteria. The population consisted of women with a mean age of 32 years, with no history of prior surgery, with a prenatal diagnosis of placente previa at week 22; 70% were major placenta previa cases. The most frequent complications were postpartum hemorrhage (37.9 % vs. 16.3 % for patients with major and minor placenta previa, respectively), transfusion requirement (23.3 and 9.3 %, respectively), and maternal ICU admission (40.8 % vs. 18.6 %, respectively). There were no cases of maternal death. Conclusions: There is a high frequency of complications in women with placenta previa, and it is probably higher in cases of major placenta previa. Further studies are needed to compare the frequency of maternal complications according to the type of placenta previa.

La formación y especialización médica en medicina transfusional / Medical training and specialization in transfusion medicine

Introducción: Para una práctica transfusional segura se requiere una formación en medicina transfusional. Objetivo: Determinar la manera en que se integran los contenidos y las habilidades de medicina transfusional en la formación y la especialización médica en Cuba. Métodos: Se hizo un estudio educacional, analítico, de corte transversal en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey, desde marzo de 2020 hasta julio de 2021. Se realizó un análisis documental para precisar cómo se integraban los contenidos y las habilidades de medicina transfusional al currículo para la formación de médicos, a los programas de estudio del internado vertical en 26 especialidades médicas, y a 29 planes de estudio y programas de especialización en Cuba. Resultados: El currículo para la formación de médicos en Cuba no incluye medicina transfusional. La asignatura que más contribuye a la formación en esta área del saber es Sangre y Sistema inmune. Los contenidos y las habilidades de medicina transfusional solo se incluyen expresamente en nueve programas de estudio del internado vertical y en 12 planes de estudio y programas de especialización. Conclusiones: Existe una insuficiente integración de los contenidos y las habilidades de medicina transfusional en el currículo de la carrera de medicina en Cuba, situación que se manifiesta también en los programas de estudios de los internados verticales y en la mayoría de los programas de las especialidades médicas.

Introduction: Safe transfusion practice requires training in transfusion medicine. Objective: To determine the way in which transfusion medicine contents and skills are integrated into medical training and specialization in Cuba. Methods: An educational, analytical and cross-sectional study was carried out at Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey, from March 2020 to July 2021. A documentary analysis was conducted to determine how transfusion medicine contents and skills were integrated into the curriculum for the training of physicians, into the study programs of the vertical internship in 26 medical specialties, as well as into 29 study plans and specialization programs in Cuba. Results: The curriculum for the training of physicians in Cuba does not include transfusion medicine. The subject that most contributes to training in this area of knowledge is Blood and Immune System. Transfusion medicine contents and skills are only expressly included in nine vertical internship study programs and in twelve study plans and specialization programs. Conclusions: There is insufficient integration of transfusion medicine contents and skills in the Cuban medical major curriculum, a situation that is also manifested in the study programs of vertical internships and in most of the medical specialties programs.

Clinical outcomes of MANTA vs suture-based vascular closure devices after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: An updated meta-analysis

Objective: A recently published randomized control trial showed different results with suture-based vascular closure device (VCD) than plug-based VCD in patients undergoing transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). The learning curve for MANTA device is steep, while the learning curve for suture based VCD is shallow as the devices are quite different. In this meta-analysis, we have compared suture-based (ProGlide and Prostar XL) vs plug-based VCDs (MANTA). Methods: We performed a meta-analysis of all published studies (using PubMed/Medline and Cochrane databases) reporting the clinical outcome of plug-based vs suture-based VCDs in transfemoral TAVR patients. Results: We included nine studies with a total of 2865 patients (plug-based n ¼ 1631, suture-based n ¼ 1234). There was no significant difference in primary outcome of all bleeding when using plugbased as opposed to suture-based VCDs (RR 1.14 [0.62e2.06] I2 ¼ 72%). There was no significant difference in the incidence of secondary outcomes between two groups including major life threatening bleeding (RR 1.16 [0.38e3.58] I2 ¼ 65%), major vascular complications (RR 0.84 [0.35e2.00] I2 ¼ 55%), minor vascular complications (RR 1.05 [0.56e1.95] I2 ¼ 42%), pseudo aneurysm (RR 1.84 [0.11e29.98] I 2 ¼ 44%), stenosis-dissection (RR 0.98 [0.66e1.47] I2 ¼ 0%), VCD failure (RR 1.71 [0.96e3.04] I2 ¼ 0%), and blood transfusion (RR 1.01 [0.38e2.71], I2 ¼ 61%). Conclusion: Large bore arteriotomy closure with plug-based VCD was not superior to suture-based VCDs in this transfemoral TAVR population. There was very frequent use of secondary VCDs in suture-based VCD group which is not practical when using MANTA. Additional high-powered studies are required to determine the safety and efficacy of MANTA device.

Factors associated with blood product requirements during the transoperative period in pediatric patients / Factores asociados a los requerimientos de productos sanguíneos durante el transoperatorio en pacientes pediátricos

Abstract Background: The efficiency of blood products (BP) requisition in elective non-cardiac surgeries is inherently complex. Moreover, it is aggravated in the pediatric population. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with using less than the requested BP during the transoperative period in pediatric patients undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional comparative study including 320 patients undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery for whom BPs were requested. Low requirements were considered when less than 50% of the requested amount or no BPs were used, and high requirements when more than the requested amount was used. The Mann-Whitney's U test was applied for comparative analysis, and multiple logistic regression was used to adjust for factors associated with lower requirements. Results: The median age of the patients was 3 years. From 320 patients, 68.1% (n = 218) received less than the requested amount of BP, while only 1.25% (n = 4) received more than the requested amount of BP. Factors associated with transfusion of less than the requested BPs were prolonged clotting time (odds ratio (OR) = 2.66) and anemia (OR = 0.43). Conclusions: Factors associated with lower than requested BP transfusion were prolonged clotting time and anemia.

Resumen Introducción: La eficiencia de la solicitud de productos sanguíneos (PS) en las cirugías electivas no cardiacas es, de por sí, compleja. No obstante, se agrava para la población pediátrica. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los factores asociados con la utilización de una cantidad de PS menor a la solicitada durante el transoperatorio en pacientes pediátricos sometidos a cirugía electiva no cardiaca. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal comparativo donde se incluyeron 320 pacientes sometidos a cirugía electiva no cardiaca para quienes se solicitaron PS. Los requerimientos de hemoderivados se consideraron como menores cuando no se utilizaron o se utilizó menos del 50% de lo solicitado y como mayores cuando se utilizó una cantidad mayor a la solicitada. Se aplicó la prueba U de Mann-Whitney para el análisis comparativo y regresión logística múltiple para ajustar los factores asociados a la presencia de menores requerimientos. Resultados: La mediana para la edad de los pacientes fue de 3 años. Se transfundió una cantidad de PS menor a la solicitada en el 68.1% (n = 218) de los pacientes, mientras que se transfundió una cantidad mayor a la solicitada solo en el 1.25% de los pacientes (n = 4). Los factores asociados con la transfusión de una cantidad de PS menor a la solicitada fueron tiempos de coagulación alargados (TCA) (razón de momios (RM) = 2.66) y anemia (RM = 0.43). Conclusiones: Los factores asociados a una transfusión de PS inferior a la solicitada fueron el tiempo de coagulación prolongado y la anemia.

Turnaround time for the issuing of packed red cells: A retrospective study in a tertiary care hospita

Introduction: Turnaround time (TAT) is one of the most crucial performance indicators for blood transfusion and laboratory services. It is especially crucial in transfusion services due to its seminal role as a determining factor in patient care outcomes. We examined our institution’s TAT for issuing blood units. Materials and Methods: The Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, MGM Medical College and Hospital in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, undertook this retrospective noninterventional study over 12 months from January 01, 2020 to December 31, 2020. TAT was determined using a random audit of 10% of all monthly requests at the blood center. All requests for packed red cells (PRCs) received in the blood center during the study period were included in the evaluation. All requests for other blood components such as fresh-frozen plasma, random donor platelets, and cryoprecipitates were excluded along with all reservations for PRCs. A team of investigators tracked 369 requests for packed red cells over the year, noting the turnaround time. The standard TAT was set depending on the nature of the clinical case. Any significant deviation from institutionally established TAT was investigated, and root cause analysis was done. Results: The majority of transfusion requests were routine (72%) followed by emergency (23%) and lifesaving (5%). For routine cases, the average TAT was observed at 104 minutes. For emergency cases, the average TAT was observed at 39 minutes. For lifesaving cases, the average TAT was observed at 12 minutes. The highest number of cases were categorized under routine, followed by emergency cases and lifesaving categories. Conclusion: It was observed that there were no significant variations in turnaround time in routine, emergency, or lifesaving cases. Overall, as per our blood center standards, TAT for the issue of packed red cells was observed to fall under the normal range for routine, emergency, and lifesaving. Any outliers observed during the duration of the study were mainly due to inadequate samples or patient details received at the blood center or the presence of irregular antibodies encountered during the crossmatch.

O uso da transfusão sanguínea autóloga na cirurgia do aparelho digestivo: uma revisão de literatura / The use of autologous blood transfusion in digestive tract surgery: a literature review

ABSTRACT Background: The use of autologous blood transfusion in digestive tract surgeries, whether after preoperative blood collection or intraoperative blood salvage, is an alternative to allogeneic blood, which brings with it certain risks and shortage, due to the lack of donors. Studies have shown lower mortality and longer survival associated with autologous blood, however the theoretical possibility of spreading metastatic disease is still one of the limiting factors of its use. Objective: To evaluate the application of autologous transfusion in digestive tract surgeries, noting the benefits, damages and effects on the spread of metastatic disease. Methods: This is an integrative review of the literature available in the PubMed, Virtual Health Library and SciELO databases, by searching for "Autologous Blood Transfusion AND Gastrointestinal Surgical Procedures". Observational and experimental studies and guidelines published in the last five years in Portuguese, English or Spanish were included. Results: Not all patients benefit from blood collection before elective procedures, with the time of surgery and hemoglobin levels some of the factors that may indicate the need for preoperative storage. Regarding the intraoperative salvaged blood, it was observed that there is no increased risk of tumor recurrence, but the importance of using leukocyte filters and blood irradiation is highlighted. There was no consensus among the studies whether there is a maintenance or reduction of complication rates compared to allogeneic blood. The cost related to the use of autologous blood may be higher, and the less stringent selection criteria prevent it from being added to the general donation pool. Conclusion: There were no objective and concordant answers among the studies, but the strong evidence of less recurrence of digestive tumors, the possibility of changes in morbidity and mortality, and the reduction of costs with patients suggest that the practice of autologous blood transfusion should be encouraged in digestive tract surgeries. It is necessary to note if the deleterious effects would stand out amidst the possible benefits to the patient and to health care systems.

RESUMO Contexto: O emprego da transfusão sanguínea autóloga nas cirurgias do aparelho digestivo, seja através da coleta de sangue no pré-operatório ou da recuperação de sangue no intraoperatório, é uma alternativa ao sangue alogênico, que traz consigo determinados riscos e a escassez, pela falta de doadores. Estudos têm demonstrado menor mortalidade e maior sobrevida associadas ao sangue autólogo, no entanto a possibilidade teórica de propagação de doença metastática ainda é um dos fatores limitantes do seu uso. Objetivo: Avaliar a aplicação da transfusão autóloga em cirurgias do aparelho digestivo, observando os benefícios, prejuízos e efeitos sobre a propagação de doenças metastáticas. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura disponível nas bases de dados PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e SciELO, através da busca por "Autologous Blood Transfusion AND Gastrointestinal Surgical Procedures". Foram incluídos estudos observacionais e experimentais e guidelines publicados nos últimos 5 anos, nos idiomas português, inglês ou espanhol. Resultados: Nem todos os pacientes beneficiam-se da coleta de sangue antes de procedimentos eletivos, sendo o tempo de cirurgia e os níveis de hemoglobina alguns dos fatores que podem indicar a necessidade do armazenamento pré-operatório. Em relação ao sangue recuperado no intraoperatório, observou-se que não há maior risco de recorrência de tumores, mas destaca-se a importância do uso de filtros leucocitários e irradiação sanguínea. Não houve consenso entre os estudos se há uma manutenção ou redução das taxas de complicação, em comparação com o sangue alogênico. O custo relacionado ao uso de sangue autólogo pode ser maior, além de os critérios de seleção menos rigorosos impedirem que seja adicionado ao pool geral de doações. Conclusão: Não houve respostas objetivas e concordantes entre os estudos, mas os fortes indícios da menor recorrência de tumores digestivos, a possibilidade de alterações na morbimortalidade e a redução dos custos com os pacientes sugerem que a prática da transfusão sanguínea autóloga seja fomentada nas cirurgias do aparelho digestivo. É necessário observar se os efeitos deletérios se destacariam em meio aos possíveis benefícios ao paciente e aos sistemas de saúde.

Effects of sex factor on different transfusion strategies / 中国基层医药

Objective:To collect and analyze laboratory indicators of patients of different sexes after blood transfusion, evaluate the effectiveness of blood transfusion, and provide a theoretical basis for formulating more scientific blood transfusion plans.Methods:The clinical data of 808 patients who underwent blood transfusion in The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology from January 2020 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the blood transfusion strategy and the department to which the patients were admitted, these patients were divided into four groups: surgical restrictive blood transfusion group (group A: 72 males and 69 females), surgical non-restricted blood transfusion (group B: 77 males and 118 females), medical restrictive blood transfusion (group C: 184 males and 126 females), and medical non-restricted blood transfusion (group D: 110 males and 52 females). Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were performed.Results:In group A, after blood transfusion, hemoglobin level in female patients was significantly higher than that in male patients [79.0 (71.5, 87.0) g/L vs. 75.5 (69.0, 82.8) g/L, Z = -2.18, P = 0.029], and C-reactive protein in female patients was significantly lower than that in male patients [21.3 (0.0, 56.0) mg/L vs. 37.0 (3.3, 95.5) mg/L, Z = -1.97, P = 0.049]. In groups B, C, and D, there were no significant differences in hemoglobin, C-reactive protein, and hematocrit between male and female patients (all P > 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that the difference in hemoglobin levels between before and after blood transfusion was statistically significant ( P = 0.009). After a blood transfusion, hemoglobin level in female patients was 1.44 times that in male patients. Conclusion:The tolerance of female patients to blood loss is higher than that of male patients in surgical restrictive blood transfusion, so the threshold value of hemoglobin given to female patients during blood transfusion can be lower than that of male patients. In the case of the same blood loss, priority of blood transfusion can be given to male patients. In the case of scarce blood resources, the total amount of blood transfused for female patients can be approximately reduced.

Avaliação do conhecimento do enfermeiro sobre hemotransfusão em um hospital de referência em trauma / Evaluation of nurses knowledge about hemotransfusion in a trauma reference hospital

Os profissionais de enfermagem exercem um papel fundamental na segurança transfusional. A atuação da equipe de enfermagem não é limitada à apenas administrar os hemocomponentes, uma vez que tem a responsabilidade de prestar uma assistência livre de danos decorrentes de imperícia, negligência e imprudência. Portanto, esses profissionais devem ter conhecimento das boas práticas relacionadas ao ciclo produtivo do sangue e componentes, garantindo a qualidade dos processos e produtos, reduzindo os riscos sanitários e garantindo a segurança transfusional. Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento do enfermeiro sobre hemotransfusão, explorando os principais pontos da legislação que aborda o ciclo do sangue, enfatizando principalmente os conhecimentos necessários durante o ato transfusional. Materias e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, transversal, quantitativo, descritivo, realizado em um hospital de referência em urgência e trauma no estado de Goiás, sendo a coleta de dados estruturada por meio de questionário semi-estruturado, abordando os seguintes temas: legislação sobre o assunto, sistema ABO e Rh, bolsa de coleta, tempo de administração, reação adversa imediata e tardia. Resultados: A amostra foi constituída de 35 enfermeiros (n), que atuam na assistência direta ao paciente crítico nas quatro UTIs de um hospital de urgências de no estado de Goiás: 62,9% afirmam que nunca participaram de educação continuada sobre transfusão sanguínea, 68,6 % desconhecem a classificação das reações transfusionais quanto ao tempo de manifestação do quadro clínico. 37,1% apresentaram resposta satisfatória quanto a iniciar a transfusão de concentrado de hemácias de acordo com o percentual de perda volêmica no choque hemorrágico. Considerações finais: Os enfermeiros não têm os conhecimentos necessários para realizar de forma competente o ato transfusional, podendo comprometer a segurança do paciente e a qualidade do serviço de saúde. Parte das fragilidades podem estar relacionadas à formação acadêmica, já que, uma parcela considerável de profissionais relataram não ter cursado disciplina que abordasse a hemoterapia durante a graduação. Espera-se que esse trabalho possa contribuir com o conhecimento e desenvolvimento de estudos sobre a terapia transfusional e que possa servir de base para formulação de avaliação e treinamentos dos profissionais envolvidos na terapia transfusional

Nursing professionals play a key role in transfusion safety. The performance of the nursing team is not limited to just administering the blood components, since it has the responsibility to provide assistance free of damage resulting from malpractice, negligence and recklessness. Therefore, these professionals must be aware of good practices related to the production cycle of blood and components, ensuring the quality of processes and products, reducing health risks and ensuring transfusion safety. Objective: Evaluate nurses´knowledge about blood transfusion, exploring the main points of the legislation that addresses the blood cycle, emphasizing mainly the necessary knowledge during the transfusion act. Methodology: This is an exploratory, cross-sectional, quantitative, descriptive study, carried out in a reference hospital in emergency and trauma in the state of Goiás, with data collection structured through a semi-structured questionnaire, covering the following topics: legislation on the subject, ABO and RH system, collection bag, administration time, immediate and late adverse reaction. Results: The sample consisted of 35 nurses (n), who work in direct assistance to critical patients in the four ICUs of hospital de emergency in the state of Goiás: 62.9% claim that they have never participated in continuing education on blood transfusion, 68.6% are unaware of classification of transfusion reactions according to the time of manifestation of the clinical condition. 37.1% had a satisfactory response regarding initiating the transfusion of packed red blood cells according to the percentage of volume loss in hemorrhagic shock. Final considerations: Nurses do not have the necessary knowledge to competently perform the transfusion act, which may compromise patient safety and the quality of the health service. Part of the weaknesses may be related to academic training, since a considerable portion of professionals reported not having taken a course that addressed hemotherapy during graduation. It is hoped that this work can contribute to the knowledge and development of studies on transfussion therapy and that it can serve as a basis for the formulation of evaluation and training of professionals involved in transfusion therapy

Pediatric patient safety in the administration of blood components / Seguridad de pacientes pediátricos al administrar hemocomponentes / Segurança do paciente pediátrico na administração de hemocomponentes

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze pediatric patient safety in the administration of blood components. Method: a documentary and retrospective study, developed at a hospital in the Brazilian Midwest region. Data collection took place through medical records and 234 transfusions were identified, performed in 90 patients aged from zero to twelve years old, hospitalized between July and December 2020. An instrument based on good practice guidelines about blood components was used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Results: the transfusions were predominantly performed in breastfeeding infants (71.1%). Blood transfusions in critical sectors stood out (86.3%), as well as with indication of a clinical order (87.2%) and prescription of packed red blood cells (75.3%). The Nursing reports identified adverse events (n=05) and incidents (n=13) that were associated with inadequacies between the prescribed and infused volumes and the request and administration time (p<0.001), although no notification was formalized in the institution during the period. Conclusion: the administration of blood components presented nonconformities, which results in risk situations for pediatric patients.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la seguridad de pacientes pediátricos al administrar hemocomponentes. Método: estudio documental y retrospectivo, desarrollado en un hospital de la región Centro-Oeste de Brasil. Los datos se recolectaron a través de historias clínicas y se identificaron 234 transfusiones, realizadas en 90 pacientes de cero a doce años de edad, internados entre los meses de julio y diciembre de 2020. Se empleó un instrumento basado en directrices de buenas prácticas de hemocomponentes. Para el análisis se utilizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: las transfusiones se realizaron predominantemente en lactantes (71,1%). Hubo predominio de transfusiones sanguíneas en sectores críticos (86,3%), con indicación de orden clínico (87,2%) y prescripción de concentrado de glóbulos rojos (75,3%). En los informes de Enfermería se identificaron eventos adversos (n=05) e incidentes (n=13) que estuvieron asociados a inconsistencias entre los volúmenes prescripto e infundido y al tiempo de solicitud y administración (p<0,001), aunque no se formalizó ninguna notificación en la institución durante el período investigado. Conclusión: la administración de hemocomponentes presentó inconformidades, lo que deriva en situaciones de riesgo para los pacientes pediátricos.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a segurança do paciente pediátrico na administração de hemocomponentes. Método: Estudo documental, retrospectivo, desenvolvido em um hospital da região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. A coleta de dados ocorreu através de prontuários e foram identificadas 234 transfusões, realizadas em 90 pacientes de zero a doze anos, internados entre os meses de julho a dezembro de 2020. Utilizou-se instrumento baseado em diretrizes de boas práticas de hemocomponentes. Para a análise foi utilizada estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: As transfusões ocorreram predominantemente em lactentes (71,1%). Sobressaíram hemotransfusões em setores críticos (86,3%), com indicação de ordem clínica (87,2%) e a prescrição de concentrado de hemácias (75,3%). Identificou-se no relatório de enfermagem eventos adversos (n=05) e incidentes (n=13) que se associaram a inadequações entre volume prescrito e infundido e ao tempo de solicitação e administração (p<0,001), embora nenhuma notificação foi formalizada na instituição durante o período. Conclusão: A administração de hemocomponentes apresentou inconformidades, o que resulta em situações de risco ao paciente pediátrico.

George W. Crile (1864-1943); excepcional cirurgião americano / George W. Crile (1864-1943); excepcional cirujano estadounidense / George W. Crile (1864-1943); exceptional American surgeon

George W. Crile (1864-1943); excepcional cirurgião americano, que serviu no Corpo Médico do Exército durante a Guerra Hispano-Americana. Durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial, foi diretor cirúrgico do American Ambulance Hospital em Neuilly, na França. Ajudou fundar o American College of Surgeons em 1913, foi membro e diretor não apenas dessa organização, mas também da American Medical Association, da American Surgical Association, da Royal Academy of Surgeons e da Royal Academy of Medicine (Reino Unido). Em 1921, foi cofundador da Cleveland Clinic em Cleveland, Ohio, EUA. Foi um importante médico cujas pesquisas e escritos incluíam choque cirúrgico, função glandular, pressão arterial e transfusões, neurose de guerra e os efeitos da cirurgia em tempos de guerra. Ele também foi um cirurgião extraordinário e prolífico que introduziu inovações no tratamento cirúrgico de muitas patologias. Embora sua pesquisa tenha sido publicada há muito tempo, suas contribuições para a medicina continuam sendo fundamentais para a prática clínica nas salas de cirurgia e unidades de terapia intensiva atuais.

George W. Crile (1864-1943) fue un excepcional cirujano estadounidense que sirvió en el Cuerpo Médico del Ejército durante la Guerra Hispanoamericana. Durante la Primera Guerra Mundial fue director quirúrgico del American Ambulance Hospital de Neuilly (Francia). Ayudó a fundar el Colegio Americano de Cirujanos en 1913 y fue miembro y director no sólo de esta organización, sino también de la Asociación Médica Americana, la Asociación Quirúrgica Americana, la Real Academia de Cirujanos y la Real Academia de Medicina (Reino Unido). En 1921 fue cofundador de la Cleveland Clinic de Cleveland (Ohio, EE.UU.). Fue un importante médico cuyas investigaciones y escritos abarcaron el shock quirúrgico, la función glandular, la presión arterial y las transfusiones, la neurosis de guerra y los efectos de la cirugía en tiempos de guerra. También fue un cirujano extraordinario y prolífico que introdujo innovaciones en el tratamiento quirúrgico de muchas patologías. Aunque sus investigaciones se publicaron hace mucho tiempo, sus aportaciones a la medicina siguen siendo fundamentales para la práctica clínica en los quirófanos y unidades de cuidados intensivos actuales.

George W. Crile (1864-1943) was an exceptional American surgeon who served in the Army Medical Corps during the Spanish-American War. During the First World War, he was surgical director of the American Ambulance Hospital in Neuilly, France. He helped found the American College of Surgeons in 1913 and was a member and director not only of this organization, but also of the American Medical Association, the American Surgical Association, the Royal Academy of Surgeons and the Royal Academy of Medicine (UK). In 1921, he co-founded the Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio, USA. He was an important physician whose research and writings included surgical shock, glandular function, blood pressure and transfusions, war neurosis and the effects of wartime surgery. He was also an extraordinary and prolific surgeon who introduced innovations in the surgical treatment of many pathologies. Although his research was published long ago, his contributions to medicine remain fundamental to clinical practice in today's operating rooms and intensive care units.

Uso de componentes sanguíneos en el Hospital Docente Provincial Oncológico María Curie en Camagüey / Use of blood components at the Oncologica l University Hospital Marie Curie of Camagüey

Introducción: La comunidad médica en muchas partes del mundo está preocupada porque se indica realizar más transfusiones que lo recomendado. La transfusión de sangre alogénica se ha considerado erróneamente un procedimiento exento de peligros y con beneficios indiscutibles; además, no es una forma totalmente segura para tratar la anemia asociada al cáncer. Objetivo: Analizar el consumo de componentes sanguíneos en el Hospital Docente Provincial Oncológico María Curie en Camagüey. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, longitudinal, retrospectivo, sustentado en el análisis del consumo hospitalario de componentes sanguíneos en el período enero 2018 a diciembre 2021. Las variables analizadas fueron: cantidad mensual de unidades transfundidas de componentes sanguíneos, celulares y plasmáticos; el total de pacientes ingresados y transfundidos y la tasa de hemoterapia por cada 1000 ingresos hospitalarios. Resultados: El concentrado de eritrocitos fue el componente sanguíneo más solicitado en el período desde 2018 hasta 2021 (excepto en tres meses). La tasa de hemoterapia se mantuvo por encima de 245 hemocomponentes transfundidos por cada 1000 pacientes ingresados. Conclusiones: El consumo de hemocomponentes, según el cumplimiento de la tasa de hemoterapia, fue evaluado de mal en los años desde 2018 hasta 2021. Se sugiere mejorar la seguridad del paciente y la calidad de la asistencia médica con la aplicación imprescindible del método clínico, la preparación en medicina transfusional, el establecimiento de los consensos de criterios que sirvan de guía para el tratamiento de la anemia asociada a cáncer y la atención centrada en el paciente (tratamientos personalizados).

Introduction: Around the world, the Medical Community concerned with blood transfusions being recommended more than it is indicated. Allogenic blood transfusions have been erroneously considered as a safe procedure with unquestionable benefits; as well as it is not completely safe for cancer anemia treatment. Objective: To analyse the use of blood components at the Oncological Hospital Marie Curie of Camagüey Method: Longitudinal, descriptive study, retrospectively sustained in the analysis of the consumption of blood components at the hospital from January 2018 to December 2021. Analysed variables were the monthly quantity of transfused units, cellular and plasma, blood products, total of admitted patients, total transfused patients and haemotherapy rate for each 1000 patients admitted at the hospital. Results: Red blood cells were the most requested components during the study period. From 2018 to 2021 (except three months). Haemotherapy rate stayed above 245 blood component transfused by each 1000 admitted patients. Conclusions: According to compliance with the haemotherapy rate, the use of blood components was evaluated unfavorably in analyzed period. With the indispensable application of the clinical method, education in transfusion medical practice, the consensus criteria as a guide for anemia cancer treatment, and patient-centered attention (personalized treatments), will improve the patient's safety and the quality of the medical treatment.

Complicações transfusionais em pacientes idosos hospitalizados: revisão integrativa da literatura / Complicaciones transfusionales en ancianos hospitalizados: revisión integrativa de la literatura / Transfusion complications in hospitalized elderly patients: integrative literature review

Objetivo: identificar as principais complicações ocasionadas pela transfusão sanguínea à saúde do idoso hospitalizado através da análise das evidências científicas. Método: revisão integrativa realizada com estudos em inglês provenientes de bases de dados nacionais e internacionais publicados no período de 2017 a 2021. Os principais descritores foram "Blood Transfusion", "Transfusion Reaction", "Aged" e "Hospitalization", combinados por meio dos operadores booleanos "AND" e "OR". Resultados: foram incluídos 23 estudos que retratavam as principais complicações da transfusão sanguínea para a pessoa idosa hospitalizada. As doze diferentes complicações foram alocadas em duas categorias: relacionadas a cirurgias ou complicações não-cirúrgicas. Maior tempo de permanência hospitalar, mortalidade, reações transfusionais, lesão renal aguda pós-operatória e delirium pós-operatório fizeram parte dos principais achados. Conclusão: os mecanismos pelos quais as complicações se desenvolvem ainda não estão totalmente esclarecidos, evidenciando a importância do estímulo à realização de novas pesquisas que envolvam esta temática.

Objective: to identify the main complications caused by blood transfusion to the health of the hospitalized elderly through the analysis of scientific evidence. Method: integrative review conducted with studies in English from national and international databases published in the period from 2017 to 2021. The main descriptors were "BloodTransfusion", "Transfusion Reaction", "Aged" and "Hospitalization", combined by means of the Boolean operators "AND" and "OR". Results: 23 studies were included that depicted the main complications of blood transfusion for the hospitalized elderly person. The twelve different complications were allocated into two categories: surgery-related or non-surgical complications. Longer hospital stay, mortality, transfusion reactions, postoperative acute kidney injury and postoperative delirium were among the mainachievements. Conclusion: the mechanisms by which complications develop are not yet fully understood, highlighting the importance of encouraging further research on this topic.

Objetivo: identificar las principales complicaciones ocasionadas por la transfusión sanguínea a la salud del idoso hospitalizado a través del análisis de las evidencias científicas. Método: revisión integradora realizada con estudios en inglés de bases de datos nacionales e internacionales publicados en el período 2017 a 2021. Los descriptores principales fueron "BloodTransfusion", "Transfusion Reaction", "Aged" y "Hospitalization", combinados mediante los operadores booleanos "AND" y "OR". Resultados:se incluyeron 23 estudios que retrataban las principales complicaciones de la transfusión sanguínea en el anciano hospitalizado. Las doce complicaciones diferentes se asignaron a dos categorías: complicaciones relacionadas con la cirugía o complicaciones no relacionadas con la cirugía. La prolongación de la estancia hospitalaria, la mortalidad, las reacciones transfusionales, la lesión renal aguda postoperatoria y el delirio postoperatorio formaron parte de las principales. Conclusión: los mecanismos por los que se desarrollan las complicaciones aún no se comprenden del todo, lo que pone de relieve la importancia de fomentar la investigación sobre este tema.

Assessment of the need for routine intraoperative cell salvage in liver transplantation

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the necessity of routine intraoperative cell salvage in liver transplantations. Methods: A total of 327 liver transplants performed between 2014 and 2016 was included in the analysis. Patient data, including pre-transplant examinations, intraoperative red blood cell transfusions, and procedural information, were collected. Results: The median age of the patients was 54 years old, with 67% (219) being male. The most prevalent ABO blood type was O, accounting for 48% (155) of cases. The leading causes of liver disease were hepatitis C (113 cases, 34.6%) and alcohol-related liver disease (97 cases, 29.7%). Out of the 327 liver transplants, allogeneic red blood cell transfusions were administered in 110 cases (34%) with a median of two units of red blood cells per case. Cell salvage was employed in 237 transplants (73%), and successful blood recovery was achieved in 221 cases (93%). Among the group that recovered more than 200 mL of blood, the median volume of recovered blood was 417 mL, with no transfusion of allogeneic blood required. A total of 90 transplants was performed without utilizing cell salvage, and, among these cases, 19 required blood transfusions, with a median of zero units transfused. Conclusions: This study suggests that routine cell salvage is unnecessary for all liver transplantations. The most suitable indication for its use is in patients presenting with portal vein thrombosis and abnormal creatinine levels.

Implementación de tromboelastografia para evitar la transfusión de plasmas fresco congelado en neonatos / Implementation of thrombelastography to avoid transfusion of fresh frozen plasma in neonates

Introducción: actualmente, la indicación principal para la transfusión de FFP es corregir la deficiencia de los factores de coagulación en pacientes con hemorragia activa o sugestión de esta, sin embargo, la práctica clínica ha demostrado que un porcentaje grande de las transfusiones de FFP en neonatología no siguen las recomendaciones de las guías actuales y, en su mayoría, son innecesarias. Objetivo: ampliar el conocimiento que se tiene sobre la transfusión de FFP en neonatología y la implementación de la tromboelastografía para evitar realizar estas intervenciones. Metodología: se realizó una revisión de la literatura en la base de datos PubMed y Elsevier, usando palabras clave como tromboelastografía, transfusión de plasma en neonatos, hemostasia neonatal. Conclusión: se evidenció que los tiempos de coagulación de los neonatos y prematuros sanos son más prolongados en comparación a los adultos, por ello facilita su errada cuando se habla de transfusión de FFP, de ahí que la TEG sea una buena herramienta para evaluar el estado coagulante de los neonatos de manera integral, sin abrir paso a errores de interpretación y facilitando la decisión de tratamientos en los pacientes en UCIN, antes de requerir transfusiones de FFP.

Introduction: Currently the main indication for FFP transfusion is to correct coagulation factor deficiency in patients with active bleeding or its suggestion, however, clinical practice has shown that a large percentage of FFP transfusions in neonatology do not they follow current guideline recommendations and are mostly unnecessary. Objective: To expand the knowledge about these transfusions in neonatology and the implementation of thrombelastography to avoid performing these interventions. Methodology: A review of the literature was carried out in the PubMed and Elsevier databases, using keywords such as "thrombelastography", "plasma transfusion in neonates", "neonatal hemostasis". Conclusion: It was evidenced that the coagulation times of healthy neonates and premature infants are longer compared to adults, thus facilitating their misinterpretation and limiting their use when talking about FFP transfusion, therefore TEG is a good tool. to evaluate the coagulation interpretación y limita su utilización status of neonates in a comprehensive manner, without giving way to interpretation errors and facilitating treatment decisions in patients in the NICU before requiring FFP transfusions.